Mikrobiologie

Virus Dzhona Kanningema (JCV) qwlqetsq predstawitelem semejstwa Polyomaviridae, w kotoroe whodqt BK-wirus i SV40. Nazwanie "polioma" swqzano so sposobnost'ü ätogo mikroorganizma wyzywat' opuholi w razlichnyh organah. Jeto nerazwiwaüschiesq wirusy s ikosaädricheskim kapsidom i nebol'shimi kol'cewymi dwuhcepochechnymi DNK-genomami razmerom 5 kb. Estestwennymi hozqewami poliomawirusow qwlqütsq lüdi, drugie primaty, gryzuny, kroliki i pticy.

Darwin's The Origin of Species is one of the most influential books ever written. It is essential reading for anyone interested in biology, evolution, the natural world, or the history of scientific thought. However, the book can be difficult to follow. The sentences and paragraphs are lengthy, and Darwin often references people and ideas unfamiliar to contemporary readers. The Readable Darwin translates the sixth and final edition of Darwin's The Origin of Species (1872) into clear, engaging prose. Whereas the first edition of The Readable Darwin includes the first eight chapters of Darwin's book, this new edition presents all fifteen chapters of The Origin of Species and features over 100 illustrations. The Readable Darwin begins by discussing artificial selection, demonstrating that selection for new traits can indeed be made to occur, even within our lifetimes. It then presents evidence for natural selection derived from developmental traits and the geological record. Throughout, Pechenik painstakingly revises Darwin's prose. He breaks up long paragraphs, shortens and reorganizes sentences, and replaces weak verbs with strong ones. Footnotes clarify concepts, define terms, and identify the many historical figures Darwin mentions. The Origin of Species is a foundational work of scholarship in the biological sciences. It documents the remarkable diversity of life on earth and is a wonderful example of honest and logical scientific thinking. The Readable Darwin brings this groundbreaking book to life for readers of all backgrounds while remaining true to the original text.

This book covers aspects of biological nitrogen fixation along with the unique signaling and interaction between the diazotrophic bacteria and plants, especially the non-legumes. Nitrogen is the most important growth-limiting nutrient in the ecosystems and biological nitrogen fixation involving microbial symbionts, mainly rhizobia and legumes holds enormous interest across the globe. However, free-living rhizobacteria of non-legumes especially cereals, also establish themselves within the root system, fixing nitrogen and contributing to plant productivity, soil fertility, and agricultural sustainability. These non-symbiotic nitrogen fixers additionally exhibit various plant growth-promoting traits elevating productivity, fortifying nutrient content, and managing water stress in plants. The recent perspectives highlighting the mechanisms and background of non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation provide answers to unravel the potential of nitrogenase and various spectra of habitats of rhizobia and other diazotrophic bacteria. Further, the application of genetic engineering and the development of nitrogen-fixing cereals can provide a possible solution to the problem of food shortage. The book includes various scientific inputs providing comprehensive knowledge about the emergence of agricultural sustainability through nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The book illustrates the systematic mechanisms involved in biological nitrogen fixation through various illustrations, schematic drawings, and flow charts aiding in better understanding. The chapters elaborate on the physiology and metabolism of plant-bacteria interaction in different crops under diverse environmental conditions. Thus, the volume will provide a holistic scenario helping in advancing the novel plant-microbe interactions, cell-signaling, and plant-molecular interactions. The book will assist the agronomists, microbiologists, ecologists, plant pathologists, molecular biologists, environmentalists, policymakers, conservationists, and NGOs to develop biofertilizers and bioinoculants using various genera of microbes and contribute to the targets of sustainable goals in an eco-friendly manner.

La Candida parapsilosis è oggi un agente emergente, al secondo posto tra le candidosi invasive dopo la C. albicans. Attualmente è noto che C. parapsilosis fa parte di un complesso formato da C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, C. metapsilosis e C. orthopsilosis. Lo scopo del lavoro è stato lo studio e l'identificazione molecolare di 80 ceppi di C. parapsilosis sensu lato provenienti da diversi materiali clinici. L'identificazione molecolare è stata eseguita mediante MALDI- TOF e PCR-RFLP; la suscettibilità antifungina è stata analizzata mediante VITEK2 e diffusione in agar. Sul totale dei ceppi testati, il 92,5% è risultato essere C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, il 5% C. metapsilosis e il 2,5% C. orthopsilosis. Non è stata osservata resistenza a tutti gli antimicotici utilizzati con entrambi i metodi. Si è potuto osservare che, contrariamente a quanto descritto nella letteratura mondiale, nel nostro centro C. metapsilosis occupa il secondo posto per importanza dopo C. parapsilosis sensu stricto.

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Buraq morskaq wodorosl' Turbinaria ornata byla protestirowana protiw 12 patogennyh dlq cheloweka bakterij w uslowiqh in vitro. Jextrakty Turbinaria ornata byli polucheny s ispol'zowaniem acetona, metanola, petrolejnogo äfira i gexana i prowereny na antimikrobnyj i antioxidantnyj potencial. Metanol'nyj äxtrakt Turbinaria ornata, razdelennyj ätilacetatom, pokazal antibakterial'nuü aktiwnost' shirokogo spektra protiw patogennyh dlq cheloweka bakterij. S powerhnosti Turbinaria ornata byli wydeleny 10 morfologicheski razlichnyh äpifitnyh shtammow bakterij (UR1-UR10), kotorye byli podwergnuty skriningu na antimikrobnuü aktiwnost' w otnoshenii patogennyh bakterij cheloweka. Tol'ko 2 iz 10 shtammow (UR4 i UR7) proqwili aktiwnost' protiw wseh antimikrobnyh bakterij. Supernatanty kul'tur oboih shtammow byli podwergnuty antibakterial'nomu skriningu protiw patogennyh bakterij cheloweka, i oba shtamma pokazali aktiwnost' shirokogo spektra protiw wseh patogennyh bakterij cheloweka. Kniga prednaznachena dlq studentow, nauchnyh sotrudnikow i prepodawatelej.

This book covers current developments in membrane-based technologies for the successful recovery of food bioactive ingredients and molecules. Chapters explore emerging technologies, such as microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and membrane distillation, for the selective concentration and food ingredients from food by-products, as well as techniques, such as pervaporation, for the selective separation and recovery of aroma compounds. The text provides one of the first examinations of other membrane-based technologies, such as liquid membranes (microemulsions), membrane distillation (MD) and pervaporation (PV), as thermal driven membrane processes. The separation of metabolites from microalgae and fermentation broths using membrane technologies is also covered.Researchers in food science, pharmaceutics and biotechnology looking to stay up-to-date on bioactive recovery, as well as membranologists exploring new applications for membrane-based technologies, will find this text a useful resource.

Die Braunalge Turbinaria ornata wurde gegen 12 humanpathogene Bakterien unter In-vitro-Bedingungen getestet. Die Turbinaria ornata wurde mit Aceton, Methanol, Petrolether und Hexan extrahiert und auf ihr antimikrobielles und antioxidatives Potenzial getestet. Der in Ethylacetat verteilte Methanolextrakt von Turbinaria ornata zeigte ein breites Spektrum antibakterieller Aktivität gegen humanpathogene Bakterien. Die 10 morphologisch unterschiedlichen epiphytischen Bakterienstämme (UR1-UR10) wurden von der Oberfläche von Turbinaria ornata isoliert und auf antimikrobielle Aktivität gegen humanpathogene Bakterien untersucht. Nur 2 der 10 Stämme (UR4 und UR7) zeigten Aktivität gegen alle antimikrobiellen Bakterien. Der Kulturüberstand beider Stämme wurde einem antibakteriellen Screening gegen humanpathogene Bakterien unterzogen und beide Stämme zeigten ein breites Wirkungsspektrum gegen alle humanpathogenen Bakterien. Das Buch wurde für Studenten, Forscher und Akademiker geschrieben.

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Water is essential to life, without it there would be no life possible on earth. The fact is simple, all living beings need water to exist.The geological nature of the land has a determining influence on the chemical composition of the water retained. At any moment, water is in contact with the soil in which it stagnates or circulates: a balance is established between the composition of the soil and that of the water. This chapter deals with the organoleptic properties and the physical-chemical parameters of the water in order to give a clear idea of the potability of the waterIn order to monitor and interpret the quality of water a bacteriological analysis gives an aid concerning the potability, but the water of exclusively underground origin, suitable for human consumption, microbiologically sound and protected against the risks of pollution.

This book series focuses on current progress in the broad field of medical microbiology, and covers both basic and applied topics related to the study of microbes, their interactions with human and animals, and emerging issues relevant for public health. Original research and review articles present and discuss multidisciplinary findings and developments on various aspects of microbiology, infectious diseases, and their diagnosis, treatment and prevention.The book series publishes review and original research contributions, short reports as well as guest edited thematic book volumes. All contributions will be published online first and collected in book volumes. There are no publication costs.Advances in Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Public Health is a subseries of Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, which has been publishing significant contributions in the field for over 30 years and is indexed in Medline, Scopus, EMBASE, BIOSIS, Biological Abstracts, CSA, Biological Sciences and Living Resources (ASFA-1), and Biological Sciences. 2020 Impact Factor: 2.622. 5 Year Impact Factor: 3.049; Cite Score: 3.9;Eigenfactor Score: 0.03583; Article Influence Score: 0.602

This edited book covers all the existing possibilities of using food waste as a potential, alternative and 'ready to use', feed stock for biofuels production. Moreover, it also presents all the sustainable and economically feasible biofuels option with their details strategies, mechanism, advantages, draw backs and future scope. It also explores in depth knowledge of food waste, and details the processing as well as opportunities to utilize it at for mass scale biofuels production. The practical feasibility and economic sustainability of biofuels production is still suffering with its cost intensity and lack of rigorous scientific strategies as well as inputs to explore it on further at upscale level. Low cost, carbon rich, economic and environmental friendly feedstock, may have strong possibilities to reduce the overall biofuels production cost and the book is based on this strategy. The book is of interest to academicians and researchers interested in industries related to biofuels production, food processing industries and industries related to waste valorization.

"Ispol'zuq silu krowi: Prakticheskoe rukowodstwo po gematologii" - äto komplexnyj i prakticheskij resurs, kotoryj issleduet slozhnye aspekty krowenosnoj sistemy cheloweka i swqzannye s nej zabolewaniq. Rukowodstwo daet predstawlenie o fundamental'nyh aspektah gematologii, wklüchaq sostaw i funkcii krowi, razlichnye widy zabolewanij krowi i ih lechenie. V nem podcherkiwaetsq wazhnost' mezhdisciplinarnogo sotrudnichestwa i uchastiq pacientow w processe lecheniq. Sosredotochiw wnimanie na real'nyh primerah iz praktiki, prakticheskih sowetah i rekomendaciqh, a takzhe poslednih issledowaniqh w ätoj oblasti, "Harnessing the Power of Blood" qwlqetsq neobhodimym resursom dlq medicinskih rabotnikow, pacientow i wseh, kto zainteresowan uznat' bol'she o gematologii.

Heutzutage werden bei der Weinherstellung hauptsächlich selektierte Reinkulturen von Weinhefen verwendet, was zu einer erheblichen Verbesserung der Weintechnologie geführt hat, und zwar aufgrund der vielfältigen Vorteile: Fähigkeit zu einer schnellen und effektiven Gärung von Traubensaft oder Most mit hoher Zuckerkonzentration; Toleranz gegenüber hohen Ethanol- und SO2-Gehalten; Widerstandsfähigkeit gegenüber hohen Temperaturen während der Gärung [14]. Die zunehmende Verwendung handelsüblicher ausgewählter Hefen für die Weinherstellung hat zu einem Verlust der natürlichen und regionalen Hefepopulationen geführt.

This book introduces the translational informatics applied to most aspects of virus infection, including tracking of virus origin, detection and prevention of infection, drug discovery, and vaccine design as well as smart city-level monitoring and controlling of the virus epidemic by government. It covers the informatics for data mining and modelling at molecular, tissue/organ, individual, and population levels. The informatics for immunological mechanisms and the personalized prediction and treatment of infected patients are also summarized. The perspectives on the application of artificial intelligence to the prevention of virus outbreaks are also given. This book will be helpful to readers who are interested in prevention of virus infection, biomedical informatics, and artificial intelligence in medicine and healthcare.

Techniques for detection of microbial contamination.- Decontamination of fruits.- Decontamination of vegetables.- Decontamination of ready to eat vegetable salads.- Decontamination of sprouts.- Decontamination of microgreens.- Decontamination of Cereal and Cereal.- Decontamination of Nuts.- Decontamination of spices.- Decontamination of meat and meat products.- Decontamination of poultry and poultry products.- Decontamination of fish and fish products.- Decontamination of milk and milk products.- Decontamination of fruit beverages.- Decontamination of food powders.

V nastoqschee wremq dlq bor'by s wirusom qschura wo wsem mire ispol'zuetsq inaktiwirowannaq serotip-specificheskaq wakcina protiw qschura. Dlq ätogo trebuetsq dorogostoqschee pomeschenie s wysokim urownem zaschity, kotoroe, odnako, sozdaet risk utechki wirusa iz takogo pomescheniq. V techenie poslednih neskol'kih let prodolzhaütsq issledowaniq po sozdaniü neinfekcionnoj, bolee bezopasnoj wakciny protiw qschura. Chtoby reshit' äti problemy, wo wsem mire prowodqtsq issledowaniq po razrabotke rekombinantnyh wakcin protiw qschura, kotorye bezopasny dlq proizwodstwa, no pri ätom äffektiwny dlq wyrabotki zaschitnogo immuniteta u zhiwotnyh. V ätom kontexte äxpressiq iz bakulowirusnoj sistemy otkrywaet wozmozhnosti dlq krupnomasshtabnogo proizwodstwa neinfekcionnyh kapsidow qschura. Virusopodobnye chasticy (VPCh), poluchennye w rezul'tate tehnologii rekombinantnoj DNK, obrazowany wirusnymi strukturnymi belkami, kotorye mogut po swoej prirode samosobirat'sq i imitirowat' morfologiü wirusa, ne buduchi infekcionnymi ili repliciruüschimi.

This book provides readers with a comprehensive overview of cold plasma technology for tackling the various food-related hazards in a wide range of food sectors. The principles and characteristics of cold plasma generation in gas and its interaction with liquids, as well as its combating modes of action for common hazards (e.g., bacteria, spores, biofilms, fungi, and fungal toxins) are emphasized in this book. It also presents the applications of cold plasma or its hurdles with other techniques to assure the microbiological safety of the key food classifications, including fruits, vegetables, cereals, grains, meat, aquatic products, liquid food products (e.g., juices, milk), nuts, spices, herbs, and food packaging.This book is useful for researchers to grasp the comprehensive understandings of how food safety can be controlled with cold plasma technology. This book also provides adequate information for engineers in food industry for better development and optimization of theplasma-generating systems. Government institutions that are responsible for food safety regulations can understand more knowledge about the intricacies and influencing factors, which should be considered for regulating the applications of cold plasma technology in food.

Cyclodextrins (CD) are cyclic oligosaccharides containing 6, 7 or 8 glucose units (¿, ß or ¿-CD, respectively) in a truncated molecular shape. Their cyclic molecular structure contains a hydrophilic surface and a hydrophobic cavity at the center that can interact (host) with external hydrophobic compounds (guest molecules). Cyclodextrins have been categorized as Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) in the USA, "natural products" in Japan, and as "novel food" in Australia, New Zealand and EU countries. They are therefore widely used in food production to encapsulate hydrophobic compounds, including solid, liquid and gas molecules, in order to solubilize, stabilize or control the release rate of these components. To date, there has been no comprehensive review of the very large number of studies performed on encapsulation using cyclodextrin powders for food applications in recent years. This text fills that gap for academics in the encapsulation field and for industry professionals who want to gain a solid understanding of encapsulation functionality of cyclodextrin powders. The book consists of 16 chapters in which chapter 1 introduces cyclodextrin properties and its applications in food processing, and chapters 2-16 explore applications of cyclodextrin in encapsulation for many guest compounds. These compounds include gases, flavors, colors, pigments, polyphenols (plant bioactive compounds), essential oils, lipids (cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids), vitamins, fruit ripening controlling compounds, and antifungal and antimicrobial compounds. These chapters also discuss functionalities of cyclodextrin in packaging, masking off-flavor and off-taste, and as dietary fiber.Covering a broad range of cyclodextrin applications and suitable for both newcomers to encapsulation technology and those with experience, Functionality of Cyclodextrins in Encapsulation for Food Applications is a unique and essential reference on this increasingly important topic.

This book highlights the impact of climate change on the soil microbiome and its subsequent effects on plant health, soil-plant dynamics, and the ecosphere. It also discusses emerging ideas to counteract these effects, e.g., through agricultural applications of functional microbes, to ensure a sustainable ecosystem.Climate change is altering the soil microbiome distributions and thus the interactions in microbiome and plant¿soil microorganism. Improvement of our understanding of microbe-microbe and plant-microbe interaction under changing climatic conditions is essential, because the overall impact of these interactions under varying adverse environmental conditions is lacking. This book has been designed to understand the impact of climate change, i.e., mainly salt and drought stress, on the soil microbiome and its impact on plant, yield, and the ecosphere.The book is organized into four parts: The first part reviews the impact of climate change on the diversity and richness of the soil microbiome. The second part addresses effects of climate change on plant health. The third part discusses effects on soil-plant dynamics and functionality, e.g., soil productivity. The final part deals with the effects of climate change on ecosystem functioning and also discusses potential solutions.The book will appeal to students and researchers working in the area of soil science, agriculture, molecular biology, plant physiology, and biotechnology.

Foodborne pathogens represent a major burden on society as they are the cause of high numbers of illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths each year. In addition to their detrimental impact on human health, these microorganisms, which include pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi, and a range of parasites, also represent a significant economic cost to food companies in the implementation and constant oversight of food hygiene and safety programs, product recalls, and potential litigation if outbreaks occur. Advancing our current knowledge of the food processing chain and its vulnerabilities to the many factors related to foodborne pathogens (e.g., their stress response, survival and persistence in processing environments, acquisition of virulence factors and antimicrobial drug resistance) is paramount to the development of effective strategies for early detection and control of pathogens, thereby improving food safety.This Special Issue compiled original research articles contributing to a better understanding of the impact of all aspects of foodborne pathogens on food safety.